Periodic table

The periodic table was created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, simply for the convenient use of elements. The vertical "columns" are called groups, because elements of each vertical column are of the same group. Whereas the horizontal rows are going in order from smallest atomic number to largest. Starting at the top left with hydrogen, and then to the top right with helium. Then on to lithium and beryllium. It then keeps going until you hit the man made " group" referred to as the "unun" group (ununtrium, ununium, ununquadium, etc.). It has all 118 known elements on it, missing numbers 113, 115, and 117. Making it a total of 115 elements actually known to mankind. Although I'm sure that they have found the missing numbers, and possibly more than that. But, they haven't quite updated the commonly known periodic table yet. I'm sure they probably will after a while, but as for now they have not. Tom Lehrer wrote a song about it in 1959, which only contains about 102 of the elements, but it is understandable considering that only about 102 elements were actually discovered in 1959. Here is the song --> http://youtu.be/DYW50F42ss8. The song actually has no relations to the order of the periodic table, it does list many of the elements. The periodic table is well-organized to say the least. There are a couple of ways to divide the periodic table, starting with horizontally, stated above. but there is another way, vertically. Starting with the far right, those are the Alkali metals, and a noble gas (Hydrogen). The Alkali metals all have some of the same characteristics, such is why they happen to be in the same group. All of the Alkali metals are similar in that all of their outermost electrons lie in the s-orbital. Also, this group of elements is located in the s-block of the periodic table. Right next to the next group, the Alkaline earth. These 2 groups make up the S-block on the periodic table. These are similar because of the freakishly high melting point, and that they would remain as "solid earth metals" in a fire. Not to mention that most of the Alkaline earth metals have a specific flame color when lit ablaze. Well, besides beryllium and magnesium of course. Calcium burns orange, Strontium burns bright red, barium burns green, and radium burns crimson red. There is another that will go into the alkaline earth metals, which is Unbinilium (Ubn). Although they have to synthesize it first, which is proving extremely difficult, it may be added soon. Those are only the first 2 groups, although group #'s 3-12 consist of the transition metals. They are a big category, so i think that we will come back to them later. one thing you may have noticed in the periodic table, is that there is a diagonal line between groups 13 and 16. Starting with Aluminum, and going all the way down to titanium. Then over 2 elements to Bismuth, then it goes diagonally upwards, including the elements of Tin, and Gallium. Those elements are known as the post-transition metals, all 7 of them. And directly after that, comes the metalloids.This group consists of Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, tellurium, and Polonium. These metals show characteristics of both metals and non-metals, so they are the "half-way" elements. They show some characteristics of both elemental "categories" (metals and non-metals). So, we simply label them the metalloids, or Semimetals. After the metalloids come the Non-metals, which consist of pretty much all the gases. In reality its anything and everything that isn't a metal. Which is pretty much everything on the right side of the metalloids. So, the diagonal line that i told you about earlier, its everything that is on the other side of that. The nonmetals are divided into a couple groups (halogens, noble gases, and other non-metals). The "other" non-metals consist of carbon, trogen, oxygen, phosphorus (below nitrogen), sulfur (below oxygen) and Selenium (blow Sulfur). they arnt halogens, or noble gases. Yet they aren't metals, so we call them the "other" non-metals." Then are the halogens, which contains all three normal states of matter (gas, and liquid). The halogens include fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, astatine, and the new element, temporarily named ununseptium. Halogens are extremely reactive, and are only found in nature as compounds and ions. This category is in the P-block, right in between the noble gases, and non-metals. To be more specific they are group 17, all of them. On the other side of the halogens, are the noble gases, which are also in the p-block. These consist of helium, krypton, radon, neon, argon, xenon and quite possibly ununquadium. Pretty much all of these elements are non-reactive, colorless, odorless, monatomic gases. We are now going to skip back a little bit to the lanthanoids and actinides. We shall start with the lanthanoids. They are located in group 3, and includes all the elements between the atomic numbers of 57-71, and are somewhat sectioned off towards the bottom of the periodic table. Right below the lanthanoids are the Actinides, which include elements of the atomic #'s 89-103. These elements are considered to be the inner transitional metals (lanthanoids and Actinoids). Now we will revisit the Transitional metals, which make up most of the periodic table. They go from group 3 to group 12. covering periods 4-7 (excluding the inner transitional metals). All of these are located in the d-block, meaning that all of their electrons go out to the d-orbital. Although many transition metals are somewhat reactive, although many of these metals' inner d orbital has more energy than the valence-shell s orbital. That there would rap up the entire periodic table...

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8871840/Periodic-Table-swells-as-three-new-elements-named.html <-- This link will take you to a few new additions to the periodic table. Finally, some of the temporarily named elements have actually been named, for the numbers 110, 111, and 112. The elements are Darmastadtium (Ds), Roentgenium (Rg), and Copernicium (Cn), all of which are on the figure above. These elements dont last very long, and are made in a lab. Although they quickly deterriorate into other elements, they are still somewhat studyable.  These new elements, which are considered super-heavy elements, are an extreme advancement in our modern sciences. Copernicium was named after the the Prussian astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who died in 1543 and was the first to suggest that the earth revolves around the sun. Roentgenium was named after the nobel prize winning German physicist Willhelm Conrad Roentgen, who was the first to produce and detect X-rays in 1895. Darmstadtium was named after the city of Darmstadt. The article has alot more information on them. So follow the link and find out about these 3 new super-heavy metals that have been named and included into the periodic table.  

ROYGBIV-spectrum status

In the light spectrum, there consist of approximately 7 main, or "primary" colors; Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet. Although the spectrum isn’t necessarily limited to those particular colors, it just so happens that those are the ones you see. In case you did not realize, they are the colors of the rainbow. ROYGBIV goes in order of the least "powerful" light, to the strongest of the lights. So red would then be the weakest of all the colors...which explains why the Sith never win in Star Wars. Although violet is then the strongest, meaning that mace windo, technically had the strongest light saber and should never have lost. Although, that does leave some speculation about the fact there wasn’t any orange or yellow light sabers...Ok, done with the star wars, there was a my little pony episode that had a pony breaking the light spectrum, resulting in the creation of a "sonic rain boom." I’m here to say that there is no possible way that could actually happen, mostly because it isn’t really possible to go so fast that you break the light spectrum…Although that would be very interesting. There was a lab that we did looking at it through a spectroscope. Looking at a normal light, you can see all the colors. If you were to put a blue light in front of the light, you will see every color of the spectrum but blue. You see this because the liquid absorbs all the blue light, and reflects every other light. So, if you were to put a red liquid in front of the light, you would see every color but red. That would be absorbent and reflection.

Atomic post!!

In the atomic world, there consists of Atoms, little particles that make up moat everything in our modern life. These particles have a nucleus, which is the densest part of the atom. That nucleous is surrounded by a cloud of negatively charder particles, called electrons. In the nucleous, there consists of posotively charged protons, and just neutrally charged neutrons (except in Hydrogen, which only has 1 proton in the nucleous). You might be wondering how come the protons and neutrons dont just fly out of the nucleous. Well, thats because they are bound to it by an electromagnetic force. Meaning, that many atoms can bound together to form a molecule. Then we get to things called Isotopes, which are where there is an uneven number of neutrons and protons in the nucleous. So, lets say that we have a Carbon atom, which has an atomic number of 6. meaning it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Then, lets take away about 4 neutrons, leaving it with 6 protons and 2 neutrons. Thus, creating the isotope ⁸C. Which would be an isotope of Carbon. The neutron always decides what isotope it will be. Ok, so thats an isotope and an atom, but what charge do you think an atom has? Well, if the number of electrons and protons are the same, then there would be a neutral charge. If there are more electrons than protons, then there would be a negative charge (electron excess). If there are more protons than electrons, it would have a posotive charge (electron deficiency).

The modern day scientific theory had alot of "evolving" to do in order to get to where it is. http://atomictimeline.net/index.php <-- there is a link to a timeline created by Lee Buescher in the Science Dept. of Watertown High School. It stems from Isaac Newton who first proposed that the universe was made out of small solid masses in motion. To Enrico Fermi conducting the first controlled chain reaction experiment releasing energy from an atoms nucleous. But, sadly enough, that leaves you somehwere around the 1950's.
The major points in this particular timeline was that in about 1924, Louis de Broglie theorized that all particles behave like waves do. That theory got thrown out around 1926, when Erwin Schrodinger used Louis' idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom. That model described electrons more as 3-demensional waveforms than point particles. That led to the creation of the uncertainty priniciple, which pretty much says that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time. This model of the atom could be used to explain some atomic behavior that others could not, such as structural and spectral patterns of large atoms. That concludes the atomic theory, have a nice day! =)

Separation

In order to separate mixtures, there is a number of things that you can do. You could do fractional distillation, which is relatively easy. All you need is a distillation apparatus, which you could build with the right parts. Essentially, to distill something would mean that you would have to heat it up, and make it into a gas. Then, cool it back down into a liquid. So, with a simple heating mechanism, an input of your evaporated liquid, and an output of your distilled liquid. Along with some sort of cooling chamber for the evaporates to go, then you could distill things in the safety of your own home! Although it only works with your subject having different melting points. There's always the good old fashion way of filtration. Basically, you take a liquid that has some sort of solid in it, and you put it through something that has holes small enough to let water through and solids not so much. Straining noodles for something like spaghetti is considering filtration, really any noodles are. Saying that you are separating them from water. Helping the distillation process is evaporation, which is where you heat something up, in order to seperate out a small solid and a liquid. Let's say sea water, and leave the salt at the bottom of the pan/pot, and the water then leaves. Thus, it gets evaporated, and is part of the water cycle. Personally, my favorite form of separation would have to be centrifuging. This, is pretty much where you spin something so fast, that it literally tears it apart. For instance, let's say that it was mud that you were going to put into a vial and place the vial into a centrifuge. The vial would then be spun so fast that the dirt in the mud was squashed to the bottom of the vial, and the water was sitting on top. Probably wouldnt drink it after that, but, it surprisingly looks really clean. There are other ways of separating things such as suspension, crystallization, and chomotography. Chomotography though is mostly used to seperate coloured liquids. We did a separation lab where we used some of these...like filtration really.

In this lab the whole point was to separate out compounds. We started out by putting some "ingredients" into a bowl, and mixing it up as best we could without using a spoon(very long process). We put in 3.69g of calcium chloride, 2.11g of marble chips, 6.29 iron, and 12.20 of sugar. Then, we mixed and swapped compounds with another group, then disassembled them, in order to find out what their ingredients were. The group we disassembled had around 8.82g calcium chloride, 9.11g of iron, and 3.09g of sugar. We were really close in getting their disassembled compound, they had 8.84g of Cacl2 (<---little 2), 3.11g of sugar, 4.51g of iron. So, when disassembling compounds, you can be very accurate. Although it is weird to separate sugar from iron bits, we had to use a filter, in order to dissolve the sugar from the iron, then subtract the original weight from the weight of the dissolved water in order to get how much iron was there. The sugar you just take the original weight of the beaker, and subtract out the weight of the water. Then you would find the difference between the weights of the water, and that would be the weight of your sugar. That is the first part of the separation lab.